有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性及本构关系

为研究海南省海湾地区分布的有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性,该文首先对有机质浸染砂水泥土和标准砂水泥土进行无侧限抗压强度对比试验(采用配合比均为熟石灰掺入比7.5%、水泥掺入比20%、水灰比0.45),定量分析养护龄期对其无侧限抗压强度及试样破坏形式的影响。然后对有机质浸染砂水泥土进行单轴抗压试验,获得了水泥土材料的应力-应变全过程曲线、刚度变化规律以及改进邓肯-张本构模型。结果表明:1)有机质浸染砂水泥土试样的破坏类型为塑性剪切破坏和脆性剪切破坏;2)有机质浸染砂水泥土抗压强度随着养护龄期的增加基本呈指数形式增长,但在养护龄期14 d后,增长速度逐渐降低并趋于稳定;3)随着养护龄期增长,水泥土刚度增加。在加载初期,水泥土切线模量随着轴向应变增加而增大,呈现刚度硬化现象;4)基于单轴抗压试验得到应力-应变全过程曲线,可分为2个阶段:塑性阶段、软化阶段;5)通过对应力-应变全曲线的描述,得到了修正的邓肯-张模型,确定模型参数后,与实测数据对比发现,该修正模型可以模拟有机质浸染砂水泥土的应力-应变关系。     

基于DTW距离的拖拉机传动轴载荷样本长度计算方法

针对工程领域载荷样本长度确定方法对农业机械载荷适用性较差的问题,提出了一种基于动态时间扭曲(DTW,Dynamic Time Warping)距离计算载荷样本长度的方法。首先,运用无线扭矩传感器获取犁耕作业下拖拉机传动轴的动态载荷,结合传动轴犁耕作业下的载荷特点,划分作业工况;再将作业循环叠加并经过归一化处理后进行DTW距离计算,确定传动轴载荷样本长度;最后,计算参数外推中均值混合正态分布函数的拟合参数相对误差。结果表明,运用DTW距离方法确定的载荷样本长度,能够使均值双正态分布函数拟合得到的参数相对误差保证在10%以内。近似均值精度估计法和均值曲线拟合法的拟合参数相对误差最大值分别为126.06%和80.62%,而基于DTW距离计算方法的拟合参数相对误差最大值为5.43%,验证了基于DTW距离的载荷样本长度计算方法的适用性。研究结果可为拖拉机传动轴田间试验载荷样本长度确定提供参考。     

Density responses and spatial distribution of cotton yield and yield components in jujube (Zizyphus jujube)/cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) agroforestry

Trees are the dominant species in agroforestry systems, profoundly affecting the performance of understory crops. Proximity to trees is a key factor in crop performance, but rather little information is available on the spatial distribution of yield and yield components of crop species under the influence of trees in agroforestry systems. Also, little information is available on how crop density may be exploited to optimize the yield in such systems. Here we studied the performance of cotton in jujube/cotton agroforestry. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Hetian, Xinjiang, China. Cotton was grown at a row distance of 60 cm in three densities, 13.5, 18.0 and 22.5 plants m⁻² in six m wide paths between tree lines in a jujube plantation. Plant density affected both cotton aboveground dry matter and yield significantly. The highest yield was attained at the intermediate density of 18.0 plants m⁻² (20.0 plants m⁻² corresponding in sole cotton), lower than the optimal density in sole cotton (25.0 plants m⁻²). Yield at the lower density was constrained by the low number of bolls per m² as a direct consequence of the low density, whereas at the high plant density yield was constrained by a lower allocation of assimilates to cotton seed and lint, as a consequence of intraspecific and interspecific competitions. There were strong gradients in yield and yield components in relation to the distance from the tree rows. Leaf area and total dry matter of cotton in rows close to the tree lines were reduced, especially in the rows next to the trees. Moreover, biomass allocation to cotton fruits was reduced in these rows. Competitive influences from the trees on cotton performance extended two rows deep in a six-year old jujube stand, and even three rows deep in a seven-year old stand. Shading effects on cotton yield were compensated by increasing plant density as a result of greater boll numbers per unit ground area. Data from this study help guide the design of optimal plant density of cotton in jujube plantations and give insight in the spatial distribution and dynamics of competitive effects in agroforestry systems in general.     

Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.     

彭水县烟叶化学成分协调性不同年份间变异分析

为掌握重庆市彭水县烟叶协调性的时间变异特征,对2005—2014年上(B2F)、中(C3F)、下(X2F)部烟叶的协调性指标进行分析。结果表明:在彭水烟区烟叶钾氯比和两糖差变异系数较大,两糖比年度间变异最小,而其他化学成分含量的变异幅度在30%以内。从不同年份部位间变异来看,各化学成分及协调性指标均有逐渐稳定的趋势。从不同部位间对比来看,上部叶各化学成分协调性指标年度间变异总体上大于中、下部叶。     

多层胶合板热压传热特性

为了研究多层胶合板热压过程中各胶层温度随时间的变化规律，进行了热压传热试验。结果表明，单板层数是影响胶合板热压传热传质的重要因素。多层胶合板坯中心胶层升温速率随着板坯层数的增加而显著下降，单板层数从3层增加到9层，中心胶层到达胶黏剂固化温度的时间增加了383％。在慢速升温阶段，板坯中心胶层的水分汽化温度随着板坯层数的增加而有所降低。     

不同采收期对余甘果实品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建余甘主栽品种‘粉甘’果实为材料，研究不同采收期对余甘果实品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明：随着采收期的延迟和果实成熟度的提高，余甘果皮颜色由青绿色逐渐变成黄绿色，果核颜色由深绿色变成棕褐色，果实重量和大小逐渐增加，果实可食率和营养品质提高。可用果实重量和大小、果形指数、果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量、果实可食率作为确定余甘果实采收成熟度的参数。同时，不同采收期对余甘果实的耐贮性影响不同，盛花期后179 d采收的果实耐贮性最好，在常温25±1℃下贮藏16 d后，好果率为91%，失重率为3.51%。     

A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

Detection and quantification of Aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissue by real‐time PCR

Furunculosis, a septicaemic infection caused by the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, currently causes problems in Danish seawater rainbow trout production. Detection has mainly been achieved by bacterial culture, but more rapid and sensitive methods are needed. A previously developed real‐time PCR assay targeting the plasmid encoded aopP gene of A. salmonicida was, in parallel with culturing, used for the examination of five organs of 40 fish from Danish freshwater and seawater farms. Real‐time PCR showed overall a higher frequency of positives than culturing (65% of positive fish by real‐time PCR compared to 30% by a culture approach). Also, no real‐time PCR‐negative samples were found positive by culturing. A. salmonicida was detected by real‐time PCR, though not by culturing, in freshwater fish showing no signs of furunculosis, indicating possible presence of carrier fish. In seawater fish examined after an outbreak and antibiotics treatment, real‐time PCR showed the presence of the bacterium in all examined organs (1–482 genomic units mg^?1). With a limit of detection of 40 target copies (1–2 genomic units) per reaction, a high reproducibility and an excellent efficiency, the present real‐time PCR assay provides a sensitive tool for the detection of A. salmonicida.     

春花生超高产栽培技术模式研究与应用

采取正交旋转回归设计,以播种期、种植密度、施肥量为试验因子,以9000kg/hm2为产量目标函数,进行春花生超高产栽培模式集成研究。结果表明,在鲁西南平原地区,超高产春花生以种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为主要限制因素,播种期为次要限制因素。明确了春花生单产达到9000kg/hm2以上的最佳种植密度、播种期和合理的N、P2O5、K2O施用量为主要指标的栽培技术模式,增产效果显著。